Aversion therapy for sex offenders.
Aversion therapy is similar to covert sensitization.
Aversion therapy for sex offenders. Con-sequently, effective treatment interventions that can lower the recidivism rates of sexual offenders Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is touted as the predominant approach in sex offender-specific group treatment, a review of the field shows that the "behavioral" part of CBT has become minimal in relation to that which is cognitive. There are few controlled studies and no group comparison studies. THESE METHODS ARE CHEMICAL AVERSION; OLFACTORY AVERSION; OTHER PHYSICAL STIMULI (AIR BLASTS, SLAPPING); IMAGINAL STIMULI; NONPHYSICAL STIMULI; AND FARADIC AVERSION, (ELECTRIC SHOCK). The journey of the offender towards sexual abuse of a child starts with the development of an interest to engage in sexual contact with a child. (1998) offer a statement from an incarcerated child sex offender detailing fantasies of both sleeping with young boys and being able to sexually satisfy his wife. It provides clinicians with the most current, evidence-based research about sex offenders' risks and treatment needs, and draws upon the therapeutic techniques of DBT and cognitive behavioural therapy. , electric shock or nausea-inducing drug. We offer both short-term treatment for low risk offenders and long-term treatment for moderate and high risk offenders. The purpose of this document is to provide, in a single source, a comprehensive listing of terms with definitions that reflect conventionally accepted language in the domain of sex offender management. Registering as a sex offender B. One issue, says Greely, is criminality is considerably more difficult to pin down than a single medical problem. Numerous reviews and meta-analyses have shown the effectiveness of psychological interventions in individuals who sexually Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the treatment of paraphilic disorders is different from the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in several ways, for several decades, the most commonly used form of treatment for paraphilic disorders was, therapists repeatedly presents the stimulus that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal in association with an aversive stimulus Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the treatment of paraphilic disorders is different from the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in several ways, for several decades, the most commonly used form of treatment for paraphilic disorders was, therapists repeatedly presents the stimulus that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal in association with an aversive stimulus Nov 1, 2001 · Laws (2001) provides a very detailed discussion of olfactory aversion with sexual offenders, but does not mention the role of the therapy group in that process. Mar 1, 1999 · Few issues in the mental health field are capable of stirring more controversy than the psychiatric treatment of sex offenders. Masturbatory satiation requires the offender to masturbate to ejaculation while verbalizing an appropriate sexual fantasy. Which of the following statements about paraphilic disorders is false? Far more women than men develop them. "Criminality is a complex human trait. cognitive b. a. Sex Offender Treatment Models The cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) approach, which involves an integration of both cognitive and behavioral therapy techniques, has been adapted for use with sexual offenders. Jan 1, 1991 · Masturbatory reconditioning procedures all involve having the client use masturbation to modify his sexual preferences. 1 Electric aversion therapy McGuire, Carlisle, and Young (1965) suggested that aversion therapy could be used to re-orient those with deviant sexual interest. -The procedure is repeated until the offender comes to associate the deviant arousal and the stimulus. TYPES OF STIMULI WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED IN AVERSION THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS ARE SUMMARIZED. For this technique, an uncomfortable shock to the leg or arm is paired with the offender thinking about deviant fantasies. Thus, psychological intervention with individuals who sexually offended against children is crucial for reducing re-cidivism. Four methods of masturbatory reconditioning—thematic shift, fantasy alternation, directed masturbation, and satiation—are evaluated. , According to the authors, substance abuse problems are very common among batterers. Covert sensitisation involves the pairing of a negative consequence, an aversive event, with the sexual arousal stimulus. Cognitive behavioral interventions based on Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like What theory links to this policy?, Whats the definition of aversion therapy?, What can aversion therapy be used to treat? and others. Treatment Programs The following listing of sexual offense treatment programs in Minnesota is offered for informational purposes and as a convenience for interested parties. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like ABEL Assessment for sexual interest-3TM (AASI-3), actuarial assessment, aversion therapy and more. Behavioral therapies are also used. We first consider the historic role of Sigmund Freud and note that a broad scientific interest in deviant sexual behavior was well established by 1900. Most of the literature involves uncontrolled case reports and expresses Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A sexual life dominated by an atypical desire is most common in A. In _______ therapy, the goal is to correct the disordered thinking that a sex offender uses to justify or rationalize his behaviors. Interested parties should consult with a particular program to verify specific services offered. Senior citizens C. Notes The author writes that behavior therapy is a promising method for changing the behavior of sex offenders, and that its accounts in the This article presents a review of the literature that pertains to the experiences of therapists who work directly with child sex offenders and/or people with pedophilia. Their goal is to prevent sexual re-offending, rather than to change sexual The current sexual offender literature focuses on recidivism reduction in an effort to increase public safety. Information is provided on current thinking Mar 18, 2019 · Excerpt: "Aversion therapy uses a number of techniques and stimuli to weaken or eliminate undesirable responses such as deviant sexual behavior and substance abuse. Since they do not make a distinction between minor-attracted adults and sex offenders, they treat all minor-attracted adults as offenders. However, clients' fantasies remain very much a private reserve of information, inaccessible to the treatment This report focuses on recent policy, and academic and clinical developments in the therapeutic management of sex offenders, including the need for more robust assessment and risk management protocols. , Treating the sexual offender, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1991. Jul 26, 1992 · Psych Screen, Inc. These approaches include covert sensitization, aversion therapy, and masturbatory satiation. A) Sexual assault is an act in which a person unintentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent. Medical practitioners might assume from the volume of work published on treatments for sex offenders that clinically effective treatments are available. Through out the treatment process clients are encouraged to address not only their sexual behaviors but also any contributing A list of treatment providers for youth can be found here. The slides were accompanied by audio tapes describing neutral scenes (a visit to the grocery store) and aversive scenes, including the subject's arrest and humiliation in court. UNDER THE STANDARD OF REVIEW APPROPRIATE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT, THE SEVERE FORMS OF AVERSION THERAPY WOULD BE PROHIBITED FOR ALL PURPOSES BECAUSE THEY INVOLVE THE TORTUROUS INFLICTION OF PAIN. The backgrounds of offenders often include childhoo d adversity (correlation not causation 3. During that time, I participated in three May 22, 2014 · Sex-Offender Therapy is a practical workbook for clinicians who deal with sexually aggressive adults, adolescents, and children. Indeed, psychological treatment is often mandated in the sentencing decision for sexual offenders. In _______ therapy, sex offenders are trained to identify situations that may trigger a repeat offense and avoid those situations. Jun 15, 2012 · Sex offenders may use aversion therapy to attempt to eliminate their attractions to children. Behavior modification programs have been shown to reduce recidivism in sex offenders. Men E. Aug 17, 2018 · The efficacy of chemical castration, meanwhile, is likewise debated: It's not clear whether reducing a sex offender's libido will stop their criminal behavior. Consequently, effective treatment interventions that can | Find, read and cite all the research Lighthouse Psychological Services in Fridley, MN and Faribault, MN, Mental Health Services, Sex offender treatment, Counseling, Psychology, Mental Health Therapy, Psychologist, Licensed Therapist, Change, Maladaptive Sexuality, Sex Positive, LGBTQ, Sex-Specific Therapy, Those who have offended sexua 301 Moved Permanently301 Moved Permanently cloudflare What form of therapy is the therapist using with Caleb?, What statement is true about sexual assault? Sexual assault is an act in which a person unintentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent. Dec 12, 2012 · Within sex offender treatment, examples include aversion therapy, covert sensitisation or olfactory conditioning. 47 However, treatment specialist Gordon Hall writes that even if aversion therapy is ineffective at reducing deviant arousal, it may help eliminate cognitive distortions as well as have other (unspecified Multiple treatment approaches for sex offenders have been developed, with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) been the most widely used therapy model with recognized effectiveness. Sex Offender Program Sex Offender Treatment Program Group therapy is considered "best practice" in the treatment of sexual offending and is the primary intervention afforded to clients who have perpetrated offensive sexual behaviors and/or who have, by their own admission, engaged in inappropriate or high risk sexual behavior. Within sex offender treatment, examples include aversion therapy, covert sensitisation or olfactory conditioning. . Within sex offender treatment, examples include aversion therapy, covert sensitisation or olfactory conditioning. Adolescents, Which of the following treatments for paraphilic disorders is considered to be the most extreme? A. These were called:, Medication that reduces sexual libido, sometimes referred to as _____, has been used as a treatment for sexual offenders who are deemed to be high risk to When considering whether a sex offender is a candidate for antiandro-gen treatment or cognitive-behavioral therapy, Hall (96) pointed out that al-though the two forms of treatment are equally successful, the dropout rates for hormonal therapy are greater. Abstract Group treatment offers several advantages with sex offenders, including self-disclosure in a safe context, modeling of appropriate behavior, and reducing the likelihood of client deception of the therapist. The field of sex offender management is no exception. Description of the Strategy Imagery during masturbation and during interpersonal sexual activity is of paramount importance in treating the sexual offender. The predominant current recommended approach, supported by research, adheres to specific principles of effective correctional intervention, follows a cognitive-behavioral, skills-based orientation, and explicitly May 21, 2012 · This is a program, provided by the Minnesota Department of Corrections, which offers treatment, therapy, and transitional services to convicted males in prison. Consequently, effective treatment interventions that can lower the recidivism rates of sexual offenders are needed. , Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato sandwiches after imagining finding a spider in such a sandwich illustrates the treatment procedure known as _____. Various psychological theories exist in the literature to explain the behavior of men who commit child sex offenses, including the belief that child sexual abuse (CSA) is a predisposing factor for the transition from victim to the offender. The principal measure of sexual arousal was penile reaction during the presentation of slides depicting males and females. In theory punishment is used to directly reduce the frequency of undesired behaviors through contingent presentation or removal of a stimulus, while aversion, or aversive counter-conditioning, seeks to change the undesirable Adult Sex Offender Services Specialized Counseling Associates LLC, works with both men and women who have harmed others due to their sexual behaviors. The authors show how a revitalized "behavioral sensibility" may help to enhance group treatment by focusing greater attention on directly observable Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the context of aversion therapy, for both smoking and alcoholism, _____ treatments are more effective than _____ treatments. Psychological Services, Group Counseling, Assessment, Individual Therapy, CSC, Sex Offender Therapy, Michigan ABSTRACT This paper responds to the recent article Therapeutic Jurisprudence: An ethical paradigm for therapists in sex offender treatment programs, in which the author argued that sex offender treatment is antithetical to the traditional values and ethics of the mental health professions. Fifty-six offenders completed treatment, 49 entered but did not complete treatment and 90 Mar 1, 2023 · Multiple treatment approaches for sex offenders have been developed, with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) been the most widely used therapy model with recognized effectiveness. Recent legislation in a growing number of states providing for civil commitment and preventive detention of sexually violent persons (1, 2) has fueled long-standing debates on the diagnosis of paraphilias, the nature of mental illness, and the treatability of sex Abstract Treatment of sexual offenders has evolved substantially over the years; various theoretical and practice models of treatment been developed, modified, refined, and proposed over time. g. children B. As a result of this research, GD has also been identified as being associated with, What is the form of therapy considered as abusive and dangerous Feb 5, 2003 · the use of behavioral and cognitive methods, including covert sensitization, aversion therapy with noxious odors, masturbatory satiation (possibly assisted with ammonia), and sexual arousal reconditioning family and group therapy sex-drive reducing drugs in some cases Sexual abuse as a child. Mild electrical shocks or whiffs of ammonia are administered to inmates when they become aroused upon viewing pornography during therapy sessions. Sex Therapy Treatment Centers in Indiana – Help with sex therapy in Indiana (IN) or for an Indiana (IN) sex therapist these professionals provide sex therapy, sex psychotherapy, sex therapy counseling and sex offender therapy and Indiana (IN) sex offender Therapist. community support relapse prevention masturbatory reconditioning aversion conditioning Dec 13, 2012 · Within sex offender treatment, examples include aversion therapy, covert sensitisation or olfactory conditioning. POTENTIAL OF SELF CONTROL TRAINING PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF SEX OFFENDERS (FROM SEX OFFENDERS - A SYMPOSIUM, P 73-79, 1978, BY JOHN GUNN - SEE NCJ-68543) NCJ Number This is the first of two papers which briefly outline the development of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatment of sexual offenders from the mid-1800s to 1969. The therapy involves identifying circumstances that trigger inappropriate The earliest forms of behavior therapy for sex offenders consisted mainly of conditioning techniques designed to reduce arousal to problematic stimuli. McGrath and colleagues (2003), for example, examined the recidivism rates of 195 adult male sex offenders who were referred to a prison-based cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Wolpe proposed that the underlying process in counterconditioning is _____. S exual offending is a public health issue and a social problem. MnATSA does not endorse, nor is affiliated with, any particular program (s). It attempts to associate in the patient s mind a previously attractive sexual stimulus or behavior with an unpleasant sensation, such as pain, nausea, or fear. markets its software to sex offender clinics around the country. THE GENERAL CONCLUSIONS OF THIS NOTE MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN SEVERE AND LESS SEVERE AVERSION THERAPY PROGRAMS. Nov 24, 2022 · Pharmacological treatments (such as antidepressant medication therapy and testosterone lowering medications) have been developed using the principle of intervention of the reduction of total and free testosterone in the endocrine system, significantly reducing sexual drive and consequently sexual behavior, including deviant sexual behavior (24). This form of therapy focuses on assisting individuals in recognizing, avoiding, and coping with scenarios where they are most likely to engage in problematic behaviors. Fantasy sustains urge; thus, gaining access to such fantasies can be crucial in understanding sexual desires and reactions. The program is rated Promising. ALL BUT ELECTRIC SHOCK WERE FOUND WANTING WHEN MEASURED AGAINST SPECIFIC CRITERIA DEVELOPED TO IDENTIFY THE Mar 1, 1999 · Few issues in the mental health field are capable of stirring more controversy than the psychiatric treatment of sex offenders. This invaluable professional resource focuses on how to treat patients—male and female—impaired by sexual addiction, sexual disorders, sex offending, and other sexual misconduct behaviors. Treatment group inmates had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested for sex offenses, violent offenses, or any offenses, compared with comparison group inmates who did not Nov 1, 2020 · Collectively, the difference in these findings indicates that sexual fantasies (deviant or not) may serve numerous functions and vary between populations. PDF | On Sep 1, 1968, J Bancroft and others published Electric aversion therapy of sexual deviations | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Navigating Sex-Offender Therapy If you could take a “pedophilia-be-gone” pill, would you do it? What if it had potentially severe and unknown side-effects? How far would you go to change yourself? How far do you think someone else ought to be willing to go? For nearly five years, I attended weekly, court-ordered group therapy for sex offenders. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following statements is true about sexual function/dysfunction?, Research has shown a higher prevalence of gender dysphoria in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. At the same time, sex offender treatment poses unique professional and ethical problems, especially in the group setting. However, the sexual arousal stimulus is paired with an aversive event, such as a mild electric shock, sniffing a noxious odor, such as ammonia, or sniffing rotting meat. While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) programs are considered a mainstream treatment method, it is essential to study recidivism as an Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The method of _____ involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear. What we have instead are personality-based or trait accounts of various types of sex offenders, speculative typologies used to separate subvarieties of offenders, or isolated descriptions of experiential factors or single processes of learning which are said to contribute to a sexually deviant Aversion therapy in the treatment of sexual offenders is most likely to involve which of the following?exposure to a foul odor when becoming sexually aroused to a deviant stimuluscontinuous masturbation to a paraphilic fantasyrepeated expression of aggressive feelings to the point of exhaustionrewarding appropriate sexual fantasy Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Most persons who have problems with anger control have a history of feeling hurt or being aggrieved. In this sense, the present study aimed to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of CBT based interventions in the treatment of individuals convicted of sexual crimes. While much of the large-scale provision (for example, in the UK and Canada) has been centred on criminal In cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), sex offenders are trained to identify situations that may trigger a repeat offense and avoid those situations. We draw together results from studies that attempted to identify how therapists Treatment of sexual offenders has evolved substantially over the years; various theoretical and practice models of treatment been developed, modified, refined, and proposed over time. Which forms of therapy have had the most ethical challenges? aversion therapy Which of the following would be the most radical physiological intervention utilized to treat paraphilic disorders, particularly pedophilic disorder? Abstract Treatment of sexual offenders has evolved substantially over the years; various theoretical and practice models of treatment been developed, modified, refined, and proposed over time. Women D. relapse prevention c. Cognitive behavioural therapies are intended to change internal processes ‐ thoughts, beliefs, emotions, physiological arousal ‐ alongside changing overt behaviour, such as social skills or coping behaviours. Foul smells, gross images, imagining someone watch you engage in your disorder paired with client's preferred paraphillic stimuli. The predominant current recommended approach, supported by research, adheres to specific principles of effective correctional intervention, follows a cognitive-behavioral, skills-based orientation, and The Department of Corrections (DOC) and its state agency partners have a comprehensive system of managing those who perpetrate sexual harm consisting of confinement, treatment, supervision, notification and civil commitment whose ultimate goal is public safety. Recent legislation in a growing number of states providing for civil commitment and preventive detention of sexually violent persons (1, 2) has fueled long-standing debates on the diagnosis of paraphilias, the nature of mental illness, and the treatability of sex Abstract The chapter first discusses the role of assessment in treating sex offenders, including the initial interview, penile plethysmography (examination of the offender's arousal patterns), problems in assessment, and the classification of sex offenders. However, clients' fantasies remain very much a private reserve of information, inaccessible to the treatment In _______ therapy, sex offenders are trained to identify situations that may trigger a repeat offense and avoid those situations. Sexual violence is a phenomenon that negatively impacts the victims' physical and psychological health and well-being. Cognitive behavioural therapies are intended to change internal processes - thoughts, beliefs, emotions, physiological arousal - alongside changing overt behaviour, such as social skills or coping behaviours. This This is just one approach to the implementation of sex offender treatment: there is great variability from country to country and in some countries, such as the USA, from state to state and county to county, although many states now have a system of accreditation for treatment providers. Feb 5, 2003 · Aversion therapy This method was first used in 1935 in an effort to eliminate homosexuality. Yet the effectiveness of treatments is debated, and evidence for the efficacy Jan 6, 1989 · Aversion therapy, the treatment of convicted sexoffenders with either electrical shocks or the injectionof ammonia up the nose, is being proposed for use on Oklahomainmates. Oklahoma officials adopted the treatment after reviewing a similiar program in Oregon. Administration of Jun 29, 2016 · Despite the recent proliferation of specialized treatment programmes for adolescent sexual offenders, there have been relatively few examinations of the effectiveness of treatment for this population. , Which of the following is a step in systematic desensitization?, Aversion therapy has been used to treat _____. While this therapy can be effective, it often poses ethical problems, as therapists cannot shock their Abstract Child sexual abuse is a public health problem of global magnitude with profound and negative consequences for the victims and society. Maletzky Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University Citation: Maletzky, B. Oct 23, 2002 · Title: Treating the sexual offender Author (s): Barry M. Jul 1, 2009 · This study investigates the effectiveness of olfactory aversion (OA) and directed masturbation (DM) as forms of conditioning techniques in an adult male convicted of downloading child pornography Aversion therapy is similar to covert sensitization. This is so true that most programs should consider simultaneous treatment for substance abuse to be a common practice when operating batterer's -Offenders are asked to think about an unacceptable sexual fantasy until they are aroused -A strongly aversive stimulus (one the individual would choose to avoid) is then administered e. An overview of treatment approaches for sex offenders first profiles organic strategies. Through historical and personal reflection, the author summarizes lessons learned as five simple strategies to enhance the efficacy of Sexual There is no comprehensive and testable theory of sexual deviance in the psychological literature. com Liam has delivered trainings in over 20 countries for therapists and other staff who work with sexual, violent, and other offenders, as well as offenders with mental health problems. Jan 19, 2007 · The goal of the therapy is to extinguish deviant sexual arousal through a set of techniques such as systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and biofeedback. Furthermore, the methodological concerns in much of this research have made it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding the impact of treatment. Advancing a common language in a field is critically important. Voluntary vasectomy D. , olfactory aversion, ammonia aversion, covert sensitization) or pairing masturbation with a more appropriate (e Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Female offenders are more likely than male offenders to have experienced which of the following?, Treatment for female offenders should be, Believed to be the most common diagnosable disorder among female offenders. It offers an analysis of the Relapse Prevention model, a case study, and a summary description of contemporary field advancements. The predominant current recommended approach, supported by research, adheres to specific principles of effective correctional intervention, follows a cognitive-behavioral, skills-based orientation, and -Offenders are asked to think about an unacceptable sexual fantasy until they are aroused -A strongly aversive stimulus (one the individual would choose to avoid) is then administered e. For example, Langevin et al. , Which of the following observations demonstrates the limitations of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment as an example of phobic conditioning?, During the Second World War, a major predictor of Sep 2, 1989 · The procedure, known as aversion therapy, is used to help sex offenders overcome deviant sexual behavior. Masturbatory reconditioning C. Sex offenders tend not to take responsibility for their actions, have difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control, Oct 1, 2011 · These include pairing the problematic sexual fantasy with an aversive stimulus (e. 1. See full list on thrivetalk. transvestic disorder. aversion d. Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like Eysenck's theory applied to aversion therapy, How does behaviour change, Aversion therapy treatment and others. Feb 5, 2003 · Behavioral methods can recondition penile erections without changing feelings of attraction. The offender then continues to masturbate for 15 Mar 6, 2003 · The most common treatment is cognitive-behavioral sex-offender treatment provided by private, hospital, and university clinics that work in concert with the criminal justice system. Factors that influence this motivation include: - sexual arousal to children, - emotional congruence with children and - a blockage to adult relationships. , Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves and more. A sample report diagnoses a hypothetical 12 year old with several types of deviance, and recommends treatment including Depo-provera, aversion therapy, covert sensitization, masturbatory satiation, and "thought stopping". In aversion therapy, deviant fantasies are paired with physical punishment (37, 76). Other studies examining the effectiveness of prison-based treatment for sexual offenders also have found positive results. This paper will argue that sex offender treatment does in fact occur in a context that is consistent with We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. masturbatory reconditioning e. Dec 12, 2019 · Within sex offender treatment, examples include aversion therapy, covert sensitisation or olfactory conditioning. and more. Offenders are motivated to fake results. The majority of the psychological literature on paraphilic disorders focuses on pedophilic disorder. Mar 13, 2024 · This treatment guide allows clinicians to effectively integrate dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) as a psychological treatment with men who have committed sexually motivated offenses. This article chronicles the development of the field of Sexual Offender Treatment in the United States since the 1980’s. community support Both aversion therapy and covert sensitization pair deviant sexual fantasies with punishments. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The earliest forms of behavior therapy for sex offenders consisted mainly of conditioning techniques designed to reduce arousal to problematic stimuli. In the early to mid-20th century, two psychologies were prominent in the Mar 28, 2008 · PDF | The majority of convicted sex offenders are eventually released back into the community. The majority of convicted sex offenders are eventually released back into the community. yexoqugxwplbgbanf6fs2h2nzuecbqjgdmzhnz